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Volcano Types http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/VolcanoTypes/framework.html Stratovolcanoes and Composite Volcanoes http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/StratoVolcano/framework.html Some of the Earth''s grandest mountains are composite volcanoes -- sometimes called stratovolcanoes. They are typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and bombs and may rise as much as 8,000 feet above their bases. Some of the most conspicuous and beautiful mountains in the world are composite volcanoes, including Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Cotopaxi in Ecuador, Mount Shasta in California, Mount Hood in Oregon, Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier in Washington. Most composite volcanoes have a crater at the summit which contains a central vent or a clustered group of vents. Lavas either flow through breaks in the crater wall or issue from fissures on the flanks of the cone. Lava, solidified within the fissures, forms dikes that act as ribs which greatly strengthen the cone. The essential feature of a composite volcano is a conduit system through which magma from a reservoir deep in the Earth''s crust rises to the surface. The volcano is built up by the accumulation of material erupted through the conduit and increases in size as lava, cinders, ash, etc., are added to its slopes Lava Domes http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Domes/framework.html Lava (usually dacite or rhyolite) that is too sticky to flow far from its vent forms steep-sided mounds called lava domes Lava Plateaus and Flood Basalts http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/LavaPlateaus/framework.html In some shield-volcano eruptions, basaltic lava pours out quietly from long fissures instead of central vents and floods the surrounding countryside with lava flow upon lava flow, forming broad plateaus. Lava plateaus of this type can be seen in Iceland, southeastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and southern Idaho Calderas and Caldera Formation http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Caldera/framework.html The largest and most explosive volcanic eruptions eject tens to hundreds of cubic kilometers of magma onto the Earth''s surface. When such a large volume of magma is removed from beneath a volcano, the ground subsides or collapses into the emptied space, to form a huge depression called a caldera. Some calderas are more than 25 kilometers in diameter and several kilometers deep Volcanic Fields and Lava Fields, Mafic Volcanoes http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/VolcanicFields/framework.html Mafic volcanoes typically erupt for brief time intervals (weeks to perhaps centuries), but some can grow almost as large as composite volcanoes. Subsequent eruptions in the region typically issue from new vents and, over tens to hundreds of thousands of years, build broad fields of many volcanoes. Prominent mafic volcanoes in the Three Sisters region include North Sister, Mount Bachelor, Belknap Crater, Black Butte, and Mount Washington. Hundreds more mafic volcanoes form the High Cascades of central Oregon between the neighboring composite volcanoes of Mount Jefferson, 60 kilometers (40 miles) north of Three Sisters, Newberry volcano, a similar distance southeast, and Crater Lake, 120 kilometers (75 miles) south Composite volcanoes erupt episodically over tens to hundreds of thousand of years and can display a wide range of eruption styles. Monogenetic volcanoes typically erupt for only brief time intervals -- weeks to perhaps centuries -- and generally display a narrower range in eruptive behavior. Most monogenetic volcanoes are basaltic in composition but... a few are of andesite and dacite composition -- that is, with a relatively higher silica content Monogenetic volcanic fields are collections of cinder cones, and/or Maar vents and associated lava flows and pyroclastic deposits. Sometimes a stratovolcano is at the center of the field Submarine Volcanoes, Ridges, and Vents http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/SubmarineVolcano/framework.html Submarine volcanoes and volcanic vents are common features on certain zones of the ocean floor. Some are active at the present time and, in shallow water, disclose their presence by blasting steam and rock-debris high above the surface of the sea. Many others lie at such great depths that the tremendous weight of the water above them results in high, confining pressure and prevents the formation and explosive release of steam and gases. Even very large, deepwater eruptions may not disturb the ocean surface Maars and Tuff Cones http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Maars/framework.html Also called "tuff cones", maars are shallow, flat-floored craters that scientists interpret have formed above diatremes (a general term for a volcanic vent or pipe formed by the explosive energy of gas-charged magmas) as a result of a violent expansion of magmatic gas or steam; deep erosion of a maar presumably would expose a diatreme. Maars range in size from 200 to 6,500 feet across and from 30 to 650 feet deep, and most are commonly filled with water to form natural lakes. Most maars have low rims composed of a mixture of loose fragments of volcanic rocks and rocks torn from the walls of the diatreme Cinder and Scoria Cones -- Basaltic Cones ... Cinder Cones ... Scoria Cones ... Spatter Cones ... Tephra Cones http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/CinderCone/description_cinder_cone.html Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano. They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings. Cinder cones are numerous in western North America as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world Shield Volcano http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/ShieldVolcano/description_shield_volcano.html Shield volcanoes are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. Flow after flow pours out in all directions from a central summit vent, or group of vents, building a broad, gently sloping cone of flat, domical shape, with a profile much like that a a warrior''s shield. They are built up slowly by the accretion of thousands of flows of highly fluid basaltic (from basalt, a hard, dense dark volcanic rock) lava that spread widely over great distances, and then cool as thin, gently dipping sheets. Lavas also commonly erupt from vents along fractures (rift zones) that develop on the flanks of the cone. Some of the largest volcanoes in the world are shield volcanoes. In northern California and Oregon, many shield volcanoes have diameters of 3 or 4 miles and heights of 1,500 to 2,000 feet. The Hawaiian Islands are composed of linear chains of these volcanoes including Kilauea and Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii -- two of the world''s most active volcanoes. The floor of the ocean is more than 15,000 feet deep at the bases of the islands. As Mauna Loa, the largest of the shield volcanoes (and also the world''s largest active volcano), projects 4500m above sea level, its top is over 8000 m above the deep ocean floor Quick type reference http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/VolcanoTypes/volcano_types_quick_reference.html Plate Tectonics and Volcanoes http://volcanoplatetectonicaphotoalbum.html Tuyas http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Glaciers/framework.html "Tuya" is a volcano formed under a glacier. Because volcanic activity in western Canada was contemporaneous with the ebb and flow of Cordilleran glaciations, many of the volcanoes display ice contact features. Mount Garibaldi itself is a supraglacial volcano which erupted onto a regional ice sheet. Others, such as Hoodoo Mountain, were contained within basins thawed in the ice and assumed the flat-topped form of tuyas. Still others, such as the subglacial mounds of the Clearwater Field, were erupted under glacial ice to form piles of pillow lava and hyaloclastite Supervolcanoes The term supervolcano has no specifically defined scientific meaning. It was used by the producers of a British TV program in 2000 to refer to volcanoes that have generated Earth''s largest volcanic eruptions. As such, a supervolcano would be one that has produced an exceedingly large, catastrophic explosive eruption and a giant caldera. Because Yellowstone has produced three such very large caldera-forming explosive eruptions in the past 2.1 million years, the producers considered it to be a supervolcano. Because there is no well-defined minimum size for a "supervolcano", there is no exact number of such volcanoes. Examples of volcanoes that produced exceedingly voluminous pyroclastic eruptions and formed large calderas in the past 2 million years would include Yellowstone, Long Valley in eastern California, Toba in Indonesia, and Taupo in New Zealand. Other "supervolcanoes" would likely include the large caldera volcanoes of Japan, Indonesia, Alaska (e.g., Aniakchak, Emmons, Fisher), and other areas Volcanic Gas and Emissions http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Emissions/framework.html Glossary http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/framework.html Learn about volcanoes http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Outreach/AboutVolcanoes/framework.html Oстровные дуги и вулканизм http://plate-tectonic.narod.ru/odandvolcanophotoalbum.html Гидровулканические процессы http://plate-tectonic.narod.ru/volcanologyphotoalbum.html next http://plate-tectonic.narod.ru/volcanology1links.html |
